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Is the Rise in RSV Infections Associated With Immune Debt or SARS-CoV-2 Immune Dysfunction?    

View OpEd:   https://www.infectioncontroltoday.com/view/is-rise-rsv-infections-associated-immune-debt-sars-cov-2-immune-dysfunction-      
                    

References:         
    
1. News Release. CDC. Nov. 4, 2022. Accessed on Feb. 10, 2023 from https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2022/t1104-update-respiratory-disease-circulation.html
 
2. National Center for Educational Statistics (NCES). HealthData.gov. School Learning in Children. Updated Jan. 6, 2023. Accessed on Feb. 10, 2023 from https://healthdata.gov/National/School-Learning-Modalities/aitj-yx37
 
3. Clarke KEN, Jones JM, Deng Y, et al. Seroprevalence of Infection-Induced SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies — United States, September 2021–February 2022. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2022 Apr 29;71(17):606-608. doi: 10.15585/mmwr.mm7117e3. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9098232/
 
4. Jia R, Lu L, Su L, et al. Resurgence of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection During COVID-19 Pandemic Among Children in Shanghai, China. Front Microbiol. 2022 Jul 1;13:938372. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.938372. eCollection 2022. Accessed on Feb. 10, 2023 from https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2022.938372/full
 
5. Wang L, Davis PB, Berger NA, et al. Disruption in seasonality, patient characteristics and disparities of respiratory syncytial virus infection among young children in the US during and before the COVID-19 pandemic: 2010-2022. medRxiv. Nov. 29, 2022. Accessed on Feb. 10, 2023 from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36482981/
 
6. Mizrahi B, Sudry T, Flaks-Manov N, et al. Long covid outcomes at one year after mild SARS-CoV-2 infection: nationwide cohort study. BMJ. 2023 Jan 11;380:e072529. doi: 10.1136/bmj-2022-072529.: Accessed on Feb. 10, 2023 from https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj-2022-072529
 
7. Phetsouphanh, C., Darley, D.R., Wilson, D.B. et al. Immunological dysfunction persists for 8 months following initial mild-to-moderate SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nat Immunol. 2022 Feb;23(2):210-216. doi: 10.1038/s41590-021-01113-x. Epub 2022 Jan 13. Accessed on Feb. 10, 2023 from https://doi.org/10.1038/s41590-021-01113-x
 
8. Shen, XR., Geng, R., Li, Q. et al. ACE2-independent infection of T lymphocytes by SARS-CoV-2. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2022 Mar 11;7(1):83. doi: 10.1038/s41392-022-00919-x. Accessed on Feb. 10, 2023 from https://doi.org/10.1038/s41392-022-00919-x
 
9. Khoo WH, Jackson K, Phetsouphanh C, et al. Tracking the clonal dynamics of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells in children and adults with mild/asymptomatic COVID-19. Clin Immunol. 2023 Jan;246:109209. doi: 10.1016/j.clim.2022.109209. Epub 2022 Dec 17. Accessed on Feb. 10, 2023 from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S152166162200290X
 
10. Bowe, B., Xie, Y. & Al-Aly, Z. Acute and postacute sequelae associated with SARS-CoV-2 reinfection. Nat Med. 2022 Nov;28(11):2398-2405. doi: 10.1038/s41591-022-02051-3. Epub 2022 Nov 10. Accessed on Feb. 10, 2023 from https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-022-02051-3
 
11. RSV National Trends. The National Respiratory and Enteric Virus Surveillance System (NREVSS) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/surveillance/nrevss/rsv/natl-trend.html
 
12. Cohen R, Ashman M, Taha MK, et al. Pediatric Infectious Disease Group (GPIP) position paper on the immune debt of the COVID-19 pandemic in childhood, how can we fill the immunity gap? Infectious Diseases Now. Aug. 2021. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666991921001123?via%3Dihub
 
13. Leonardi AJ, Proenca RB. Akt-Fas to Quell Aberrant T Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis in Covid-19. Front. Immunol. December 21, 2020 https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2020.600405/full
 
14. COVID-19 Response Reporting. Mass.gov. Jan. 19, 2023. https://www.mass.gov/info-details/covid-19-response-reporting#covid-19-state-facility-report-
 
15. Al-Aly Z, Xie Y, Bowe B. High-dimensional characterization of post-acute sequelae of COVID-19. Nature. April 2021. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03553-9
 
16. Mina MJ, Kula T, Leng Y. et al. Measles virus infection diminishes preexisting antibodies that offer protection from other pathogens. Science. Nov. 1, 2019. https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aay6485
 
17. Statens Serum Institut - RS-virus. Jan. 1, 2023. https://experience.arcgis.com/experience/220fef27d07d438889d651cc2e00076c/page/RS-virus/
 
18. Current weekly report on RSV. The Public Health Agency of Sweden. https://www.folkhalsomyndigheten.se/folkhalsorapportering-statistik/statistik-a-o/sjukdomsstatistik/rsv-veckorapporter/aktuell-veckorapport-om-rsv/
 
19. Sweden’s Pandemic Experiment. Edited BySigurd Bergmann, Martin Lindström Dec. 18, 2022. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003289364 https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003289364/sweden-pandemic-experiment-sigurd-bergmann-martin-lindstr%C3%B6m
           

RSV Epidemiological Curves in Sweden, United States, China, Denmark
    

 
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